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In a nut shell, wheel alignment consists of adjusting the angles of the wheels so that they're perpendicular to the ground and parallel to each other. The purpose of having the correct adjustments is to maximise tyre life. In short, you want a vehicle that tracks straight and true when you're driving along a straight and level road
Camber is the inward or outward tilt of the wheels when viewing the vehicle from the front/ If the top of the wheel is leaning out from the centre of the vehicle, then the camber is positive, if it's leaning in, the camber if is negative. Excessive positive or negative camber causes wear on the outside or inside of the tread of the wheel - one side wear.
Caster is the degree (as represented by the angle) to which a wheel is situated ahead of or behind the top mount. It ensures the force, which attempts to restore the wheel directions to the straightforward direction when the steering wheel is turned.
Toe is the degree (as represented by the angle) to which the tyres are pointed inwards or outwards from a top-down view. When the front tyres are pointing inward it is described as a positive toe, when they are pointing outward the toe is negative. Correct toe can have a major impact on tread wear, as well as the stability of your vehicle.
Understanding the principles of a vehicles suspension will give you a better idea as to what the vehicle, as well as the tyres, are going through. When cornering, various forces affect a turn and change the direction of the vehicle, while also putting the tyres under tremendous force.